Depth filtration, adsorption and ion exchange are key unit operations in water treatment. CE 581 enables these three operations to be demonstrated.
  The raw water is pumped from above into a gravel filter and then routed into a sand filter. In the process, suspended solids are removed from the raw water. The filtered water then flows into the second treatment stage. There dissolved substances are removed by adsorption on aluminium oxide and on activated carbon. Then the water passes on to the third treatment stage. In this stage unwanted ions are removed from the water by ion exchange. First the water is softened by cation exchange. The water is then desalinated in a mixed bed ion exchanger containing cation and anion exchangers.

  The separate supply unit includes pumps and tanks for the raw water and treated water. The raw water tank can be aerated. This ensures the raw water is mixed through. It also enables dissolved substances (such as iron) to be precipitated so as to then filter them. A connection to backwash the sand filters is provided.
  The flow rate, temperature, conductivity, differential pressure and system pressure are measured. Samples can be taken at all relevant points. A software program is provided to control the operating states and measure data. A process schematic shows the current operating states of the individual components and the measured data.

  The well-structured instructional material sets out the fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments.

- learning the fundamental principle of the unit

  operations depth filtration, adsorption and ion

  exchange
- observation and determination of the pressure loss

  in depth filtration
- plotting of breakthrough curves (adsorption)
- comparison of various adsorption materials
- familiarisation with the fundamental principle of ion

  exchange